Non-extraction camouflage treatment of skeletal class III malocclusion

@#Class III malocclusion can be defined as a skeletal facial deformity that is characterized by a forward mandibular position with respect to the cranial base and or the maxilla. We present a case of a 15-year-old man with skeletal Class III malocclusion who was treated with non-extraction orthodontic camouflage treatment using an orthodontic conventional technique. A fixed appliance, straight wire appliance (SWA) technique was used with a non-extraction treatment plan. Treatment was accompanied by intermaxillary Class III elastics. The total duration of active treatment was 23 months. There was a significant improvement in his occlusion, smile esthetics, and soft tissue profile pattern. Orthodontic camouflage can be considered an effective therapy for correcting milder cases of skeletal Class III malocclusion.

Skin camouflage therapy

Camouflage is defined as a combination of materials, colouration or illumination for concealing something. Skin camouflage therapy is the use of specially formulated products to conceal skin diseases and disfigurements, with the goal of giving a temporarily normal appearance. It gives immediate relief in various dermatological disorders, especially those affecting the visible areas, which are known to be associated with profound psychosocial impact. Despite considerable evidence for its emotional benefits, its utilisation among dermatologists in clinical practice remains low. This article is intended to familiarise dermatologists with the use of skin camouflage therapy including its availability, indications, contraindications, techniques, limitations and future trends

Multi?Disciplinary Orthodontic Camouflage Treatment of a Severe Skeletal Class III Malocclusion with 1 Year Follow-Up – A Case Report

Rationale: Orthodontic camouflage serves its purpose in treating mild to moderate skeletal dysplasia and in conditions where the patient is reluctant to opt for orthognathic surgery or when it is contraindicated. Patient Concerns: A 22?year?old male was concerned about his irregular teeth. Diagnosis: Angle’s dentoalveolar class III malocclusion on class III skeletal on an average mandibular plane angle with anterior crossbite, deep bite, crowding in maxillary and mandibular anteriors, proclined maxillary anteriors and retroclined mandibular anteriors with reverse overjet and congenitally missing 12, 22, palatally impacted 13 and retained deciduous 63 and palatally placed 23. Treatment: Orthodontic camouflage with a multi?disciplinary approach. Outcome: Optimal functional and dentofacial aesthetics were achieved by 22 months. Take?Away Lesson: The limitations of camouflage must be kept in mind and explained to the patient. The biomechanics need to be customized and integrating different specialties helps maximize the treatment benefits.

Water column use by reef fishes of different color patterns

Color in animals responds to selective pressures and mediates the relationship between organism and environment. Reef fishes have the amplest variety of pigment cell types. This color patterns' variety may function as camouflage and be related to spatial use. We tested the hypothesis that the coloration of reef fish relates to water column stratum occupation. We predicted that sedentary animals connected to the background take advantage of background matching or disruptive patterns; more mobile demersal species apply disruptive coloration or motion-dazzle; and that pelagic species tend to have silvery bodies. We classified color patterns and categorized the water column stratum use for the Brazilian reef fishes in FishBase. Our analyses confirmed that irregular contrasting contour breaks, suggestive of disruptive coloration, occurs in benthic species and that silvering color was more prevalent in the pelagic stratum. Our raw data suggested a higher frequency of contrasting regular stripes, typical of motion-dazzle, in demersal species. However, the considerable uncertainty around estimates did not confirm this pattern. Reef fishes coloration is correlated to occupation of different strata in the water column. This can be interpreted as fishes being adapted to these habitats and partially explaining the richness of color patterns among them.(AU)

A cor nos animais responde a pressões seletivas e media a relação entre organismo e ambiente. Peixes recifais têm a maior variedade de tipos de células de pigmento. Essa variedade de padrões de coloração pode funcionar como camuflagem e estar relacionada ao uso espacial. Nós testamos a hipótese de que a coloração dos peixes recifais está relacionada à ocupação do estrato da coluna d'água. Previmos que animais sedentários conectados ao fundo aproveitam a semelhança ao fundo ou padrões disruptivos; espécies demersais mais móveis aplicam coloração disruptiva ou deslumbramento de movimento; e que espécies pelágicas tendem a apresentar corpos prateados. Classificamos os padrões de coloração e categorizamos o uso do estrato da coluna d'água para os peixes recifais brasileiros no FishBase. Nossas análises confirmaram que quebras de contorno irregulares, sugerindo coloração disruptiva, ocorrem em espécies bentônicas e que a cor prateada prevaleceu no estrato pelágico. Nossos dados brutos sugeriram uma maior frequência de listras contrastantes, típicas do deslumbramento de movimento, em espécies demersais. Mas a considerável incerteza dessas estimativas não confirmou esse padrão. A coloração dos peixes recifais está correlacionada com a ocupação de diferentes estratos da coluna d'água. Isso pode ser interpretado como peixes sendo adaptados a estes habitats, explicando em parte a riqueza de padrões de coloração entre eles.(AU)

Orthodontic camouflage as a treatment alternative for skeletal Class III

ABSTRACT Introduction: Skeletal Class III malocclusion is a deformity of complex treatment, with few intervention alternatives, which are further limited in nongrowing patients. In most cases, orthognathic surgery is the ideal treatment for adults, an option often refused by patients. Mild to moderate skeletal Class III malocclusions and acceptable facial esthetics can benefit from a course of treatment in which dental movements are used to compensate for the skeletal discrepancy. Objective: This study aimed to discuss orthodontic camouflage as an option for adult patients with Class III malocclusion, emphasizing its indications, implications and expected results.

RESUMO Introdução: A má oclusão esquelética de Classe III é uma deformidade de difícil tratamento e com poucas alternativas de intervenção, que ficam ainda mais limitadas em pacientes sem crescimento. Na maior parte dos casos, o tratamento ideal para adultos é a cirurgia ortognática, opção muitas vezes recusada pelo paciente. As más oclusões esqueléticas de Classe III leve a moderada e com estética facial aceitável podem se beneficiar de um plano de tratamento no qual movimentações dentárias são realizadas para compensar a discrepância esquelética. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi discutir a camuflagem ortodôntica como opção para pacientes adultos com má oclusão de Classe III, ressaltando suas indicações, implicações e resultados esperados.

Immature stages, phenology, distribution and host plants of the Andean Moon Moth Cercophana frauenfeldii Felder, 1862 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Abstract Cercophana frauenfeldii Felder (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), also known as the "Andean Moon Moth", is a Neotropical species native to continental Chile whose larvae feed on species of the families Gomortegaceae, Laureaceae and Winteraceae. We describe and document C. frauenfeldii immature stages, namely, egg, its four larval instars, and chaetotaxy of the last instar, pupa and cocoon for the first time. In terms of its phenology, we extend its larval activity, originally described to occur between November and mid-December, to June until the end of January. We report the adult flight period depends on the species' distributional range following two well-differentiated patterns: February to mid-April in Central-North Chile and April to June in Central-South Chile. Furthermore, we provide a unified view of its current distributional range and host plants (including the endangered tree Gomortega keule) through bibliographic data, field observations and laboratory rearing. Finally, we discuss aspects of the species' conservation as part of the unique ecosystems found in the temperate forests of southern South-America.

Evaluating Southeast Asian Military Camouflage Designs Using Camouflage Similarity Index (CSI)

@#Military camouflage plays a critical survivability component of the front-line soldiers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the existing military camouflage effectiveness across Southeast Asian countries using Camouflage Similarity Index (CSI). CSI is a color-based image algorithm based on CIELAB color space. The value ranges from 0 to 1 and the best value 0 is achieved if the selected camouflage perfectly blends with the selected background. 10 existing military camouflage designs across Southeast Asian countries were evaluated under 7 different locations (20x50 pixels) from 1 selected woodland background. Each location had different L*, a*, and b* values. Post-hoc Tukey test showed that there was no significant difference between camouflage, indicating that the existing Southeast Asian Military camouflage had equal effectiveness of concealment on the selected woodland background. This study represents the first attempt to investigate the effectiveness of Southeast Asian military camouflages. The results of this study could be very beneficial for Southeast Asian military organizations, academicians, and camouflage manufacturer in terms of finding the enhanced direction from the current design which subsequently enhances the survivability of the front-line soldiers.

Therapeutic effect analysis of skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion treatment by transmission straight wire technique / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and advantages of skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion treatment by transmission straight wire technique.@*METHODS@#Ninety-seven patients who received treatment for skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion at the Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January 2012 to January 2017 were selected for this retrospective study. All these patients refused surgery. They were divided into two groups in accordance with the type of skeletal malocclusion: mild-to-moderate skeletal malocclusion group (-4°≤ANB <0°) and severe skeletal malocclusion group (-8°≤ANB<-4°). Each of the two groups was divided further into two small groups in accordance with the technique used: T group (transmission straight wire technique) and M group (MBT technique).@*RESULTS@#The crossbite of all 59 patients in the mild-to-moderate skeletal malocclusion group was successfully treated. The molars were classified as classⅠrelationship, and the facial profile improved. Significant differences were found in the values of U1/SN angle, L1/MP angle, and Lip-Diff between the T and M groups before and after the treatment (P<0.05). The extent of incisor root resorption was lighter in the T group than in the M group (P<0.05). In the severe skeletal malocclusion group, the crossbite of all 38 patients was cured or partially cured. Fourteen patients showed severe lower anterior teeth inclination (five in the T group and nine in the M group), and the profiles did not significantly improve. Significant differences were observed in the values of U1-NA value, U1/SN angle, L1-NB value, L1/MP angle, LLP, and Lip-Diff between the T and M groups before and after the treatment (P<0.05). The extent of incisor root resorption was lighter in the T group than in the M group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Relative to the MBT technique, the transmission straight wire technique has great advantages in improving facial profile, reducing the compensatory inclination of the upper and lower anterior teeth, and reducing the risk of root resorption in the treatment of skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion.

Application of Convolutional Neural Network in Identifying Different Levels of Isokinetic Exercise Efforts / 法医学杂志

Objective To develop a convolutional neural network （CNN） that can identify isokinetic knee exercises moment of force-time diagrams under different levels of efforts. Methods The 200 healthy young volunteers performed concentric isokinetic right knee flexion-extension reciprocating exercises with maximal effort as well as half the effort at angular velocities of 30°/s and 60°/s twice, respectively, with an interval of 45 min. The moment of force-time diagrams were collected. The 200 subjects were randomly divided into the training set （140 subjects） and the testing set （60 subjects）. The moment of force-time diagrams from subjects in the training set were used to train CNN model, and then the fully trained model was used to predict types of curves from the testing set. Random sampling of subjects along with subsequent development of models were performed 3 times. Results Under the circumstances of isokinetic knee exercises with maximal effort and half the effort, 2 400 moment of force-time diagrams were produced, respectively. Classification accuracy rates of the CNN models after the 3 trainings were 91.11%, 90.49% and 92.08%, respectively, and the average accuracy rate was 91.23%. Conclusion The CNN models developed in this study have a good effect on differentiating isokinetic moment of force-time diagrams of maximal effort exercises from those made with half the effort, which can contribute to identifying levels of efforts exerted by subjects during isokinetic knee exercises.

Camouflage Treatment of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion with Anterior Crossbite in Adults: A Case Series

In the current scenario, different treatment modalities exist when orthodontic camouflage needs to be done in patients with mildor moderate skeletal Class III malocclusions. Recent advances such as temporary anchorage devices increased the scope ofcamouflage treatment. This series of cases describes the non-surgical management of skeletal Class III malocclusion usingtreatment mechanics, which efficiently improve the functional occlusion and esthetic requirements of the patient.

A possible role of decorations in spiderwebs as protection devices that distract predators

Several functions have been proposed for silk decorations (i.e., stabilimenta) in spiderwebs. One hypothesis is that web decorations protect spiders from predators, either by concealing the spiders, physically shielding them, or by deflecting predatory attacks. This study uses data gathered in opportunistic manner when studying the behavior of Stenolemus giraffa, an assassin bug that preys almost exclusively on web-building spiders. Stenolemus giraffa approach orb spiders on foot, and usually capture the spiders at the hub region of the web. When pursuing spiders, S. giraffa routinely tap the web with their antennae, and also tap the spiders prior to attacking them. The observations available from this study suggest that S. giraffa got "distracted" momentarily by the decorations in the webs of Purumitra sp. (Uloboridae) and Argiope katherina (Araneidae). In some instances, the assassin bugs tapped these structures for several seconds or minutes instead of tapping the adjacent spiders. In interactions with A. katherina, S. giraffa was more successful at capturing the spiders when the webs lacked decorations; however, sample sizes are small (this could not be tested for Purumitra sp. because only one web lacked decorations). Finally, some of the spiders detected S. giraffa tapping the decorations or that had begun tapping the spiders and that had interrupted this behavior to tap the decorations. The data available suggest that, for S. giraffa, the decorations in these webs interfered with the process of locating the spiders. If further experiments corroborate this idea, this information would be in accord with Hingston's (1927) hypothesis that web decorations can confuse spider predators.

Muchas arañas agregan a sus telas estructuras de seda, detritos, u otros, que son conocidas como "estabilimentos" o "decoraciones". Varias funciones han sido propuestas para estas estructuras. Una de las hipótesis plantea que las decoraciones protegen a las arañas de los depredadores, ya sea porque ocultan a las arañas, o porque funcionan como una barrera física que separa al depredador de la araña, o porque desvían los ataques de los depredadores. En este estudio, se utilizan datos que fueron tomados de manera oportunista mientras se estudiaba el comportamiento del chinche asesino Stenolemus giraffa, un insecto que se alimenta casi exclusivamente de arañas que hacen tela. Stenolemus giraffa ataca a las arañas en el meollo de la tela, y se acerca hasta estas caminando. Stenolemus giraffa usualmente "toquetea" a las arañas con sus antenas (comúnmente sin hacer contacto con la araña) antes de atacarlas. Las observaciones de este estudio sugieren que S. giraffa se distrajo de forma momentánea con las decoraciones en las telas de Purumitra sp. (Uloboridae) y Argiope katherina (Araneidae). En algunas ocasiones, los chinches toquetearon con sus antenas estas estructuras por algunos segundos o incluso minutos, en vez de toquetear a las arañas que estaban adyacentes a estas. En interacciones con A. katherina, S. giraffa capturó en mayor proporción a las arañas que se encontraban en telas sin decoraciones; sin embargo, el tamaño de la muestra es pequeño. No se pudo realizar una comparación similar para Purumitra sp., ya que todas las telas, excepto una, tenían decoraciones. Algunas de las arañas detectaron a los chinches cuando estos estaban toqueteando las decoraciones, o después de que hubieran toqueteado a las arañas e interrumpieran este comportamiento para toquetear las decoraciones. Dichas observaciones sugieren que las decoraciones en estas telas interfirieron con el proceso de S. giraffa de localizar a las arañas. Si esto se corrobora mediante futuros experimentos, esta información apoyaría la idea de Hingston (1927) de que las decoraciones en las telas funcionan para confundir a los depredadores de arañas.

Application of camouflage therapy in vitiligo / 中华皮肤科杂志

At present,specific targeted treatment of vitiligo is still lacking,and there are many limitations of current therapies,such as slow repigmentation process,long duration of treatment and frequent recurrence.As a therapeutic strategy for rapidly improving the appearance of patients,camouflage therapy has a unique advantage in the treatment of various skin diseases.Several studies in China and other countries have shown that the correct use of cosmetic camouflage can effectively improve the appearance and quality of life of patients with vitiligo.This review summarizes the knowledge about various camouflage therapies and related clinical researches on the relationship between camouflage therapies and quality of life of patients with vitiligo,and elaborates application prospects of camouflage therapies in the treatment of vitiligo.

Disruptive coloration and habitat use by seahorses

Predation avoidance is a primary factor influencing survival. Therefore, any trait that affects the risk of predation, such as camouflage, is expected to be under selection pressure. Background matching (homochromy) limits habitat use, especially if the habitat is heterogeneous. Another camouflage mechanism is disruptive coloration, which reduces the probability of detection by masking the prey's body contours. Here we evaluated if disruptive coloration in the longsnout seahorse, Hippocampus reidi, allows habitat use diversification. We analyzed 82 photographs of animals, comparing animal and background color, and registering anchorage substrate (holdfast). We tested whether the presence (disruptive coloration) or absence of bands (plain coloration) predicted occupation of backgrounds of different colors. We also calculated the connectance between seahorse morph and background color or holdfast, as well as whether color morph differed in their preferences for holdfast. Animals with disruptive coloration were more likely to be found in environments with colors different from their own. Furthermore, animals with disruptive coloration occupied more diversified habitats, but as many holdfasts as plain colored animals. Therefore, animals with disruptive coloration were less selective in habitat use than those lacking disruptive color patterns, which agrees with the disruptive coloration hypothesis.(AU)

Evitar a predação é um dos principais fatores que influenciam a sobrevivência. Portanto, qualquer traço que afete o risco de predação, como a camuflagem, deverá estar sob forte pressão de seleção. Confundir-se com a cor do fundo (homocromia) limita o uso do habitat, especialmente se ele é heterogêneo. Outro mecanismo de camuflagem é a coloração disruptiva, que reduz a probabilidade de detecção mascarando o contorno do corpo da presa. Aqui nós avaliamos se a coloração disruptiva no cavalo-marinho de focinho comprido, Hippocampus reidi, permite diversificar o uso do habitat. Analisamos 82 fotografias de animais, comparando a cor do animal à do fundo, e registrando o substrato de apoio (holdfast). Nós testamos se a presença (coloração disruptiva) ou ausência de bandas (coloração lisa) predizia a ocupação de substratos de cores diferentes. Nós também calculamos a conectância entre o morfo do cavalo-marinho e a cor do fundo ou o substrato de apoio, bem como se o morfo diferiu em suas preferências por substratos de apoio. Animais com coloração disruptiva eram mais encontrados em ambientes com cores diferentes de sua própria cor. Além disso, os animais com coloração disruptiva ocupavam habitats mais diversificados, mas tantos substratos de apoio quanto animais lisos. Portanto, animais com cores disruptivas eram menos seletivos do que animais lisos quanto ao habitat que utilizavam, o que concorda com a hipótese da coloração disruptiva.(AU)

A clinical comparative study between conventional and camouflaged syringes to evaluate behavior and anxiety in 6–11-year-old children during local anesthesia administration—a novel approach

BACKGROUND: The sight of dental injection can bring about severe anxiety in children. Therefore, an alternative method that is convenient, effective, and keeps the needle hidden making it child friendly is necessary. The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of a camouflaged syringe and conventional syringe on behavior and anxiety in 6–11-year-old children during local anesthesia administration. METHODS: The study was a randomized, crossover clinical study including 30 children. Children were separated into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 15 children aged 6–8 years while group 2 consisted of 15 children aged 9–11 years. This study involved two sessions wherein all the children were injected using conventional and camouflaged syringes in separate sessions. Their behavior was assessed using the Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) behavior pain scale and anxiety was assessed by measuring changes in pulse rate. Patient and operator preferences were compared. RESULTS: The results showed a lower mean change in pulse rate and FLACC scores in the camouflaged group, suggesting a positive behavior and lesser anxiety with camouflaged syringes than with conventional syringes. CONCLUSIONS: The use of camouflaged syringes for anesthesia was demonstrated to be effective in improving the behavior of children and decreasing their anxiety, and is therefore recommended as an alternative to the use of conventional syringes for local anesthesia.

Enmascaramiento en las mesioclusiones / Camouflage in mesiocclusions

Se analiza la difícil tarea de decidir, por parte del especialista, un camuflaje ortodóncico en aquellos pacientes con mesioclusiones verdaderas que no aceptan un tratamiento donde se realice cirugía ortognática. Cuál debe ser el límite que nos impone el caso clínico para poder tomar la decisión de realizar el tratamiento y qué debe esperar el paciente y el profesional en los resultados finales, una vez concluido. Somos los ortodoncistas los que tenemos el deber de decidir qué pacientes podrían ser tratados con camuflaje y cuáles, con cirugía ortognática, pero será el paciente el que tome la decisión final con nuestro asesoramiento (AU)

We discuss the difficult task of deciding, on the part of the specialist, an orthodontic camouflage in those patients with true mesioclusions who do not accept a treatment where orthognathic surgery is performed. What should be the limit imposed by the clinical case in order to make the decision to carry out the treatment and what the patient and the professional should expect in the final results, once concluded. We orthodontists have the duty to decide which patients could be treated with camouflage and which, with orthognathic surgery, but it will be the patient who makes the final decision with our advice (AU)

Development of supporting pole for medical detachable camouflage net at field conditions / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To develop a supporting pole for medical detachable camouflage net at field conditions to enhance the timeliness of battlefield camouflage of deployable units such as medical tent.Methods The pole had a dumbbell-shaped,hollow and columnar structure,which was composed of a base,a pole body and a terminal disc.The pole body consisted of internal and external parts.The external part had a vertical opening at its top and screw thread at its side wall,which was equipped with a binding bolt.The terminal disc had a circular structure and a 20 cm outer diameter,which was fixed 10 cm under the top of the internal pole to support the net.The base had a center hole and a sleeve to hold the lower part of the external pole to immobilize the supporting pole.Results The supporting pole decreased the deployment time of the camouflage net from 5 min to 2 min and the withdrawal time from 4 min to 1.5 min,and enhanced the timeliness of all-element deployment of mobile medical unit during field practical training.Conclusion The supporting pole meets the tactical requirements for deployment,storage,transport and robustness,and thus is worthy promoting in medical unit.

Opções de tratamento ortodôntico compensatório da classe III sem exodontias de premolares / Treatment options of compensatory orthodontic treatment without premolar extractions

O tratamento ortodôntico, em pacientes adultos com padrão esquelético apresentando pequena discrepância, pode ser realizado com a camuflagem ortodôntica, por meio das compensações dentárias. Essas compensações, muitas vezes, são consideradas como fatores de risco para a saúde periodontal, principalmente, quando associadas à movimentos de inclinação dos incisivos, tanto para lingual como para vestibular. A finalidade do presente artigo foi apresentar, através de dois de casos clínicos, duas opções diferentes de tratamento compensatório para a Classe III. A primeira com o emprego de bráquetes autoligáveis do Sistema Damon, com prescrição individualizada para os arcos dentários superior e inferior, além dos elásticos intermaxilares de Classe III. Essa modalidade tem sua indicação na correção dos problemas dentários com suave discrepância esquelética entre as bases ósseas, corrigindo os problemas oclusais sem grandes sequelas para os dentes e tecidos de suporte, devido ao torque diferenciado dos bráquetes. A segunda opção é a movimentação sagital dos dentes inferiores para distal por meio de ancoragem esquelética com miniplacas de titânio. Esses dispositivos de ancoragem temporária (DATs) oferecem uma estável e efetiva ancoragem para a movimentação ortodôntica no tratamento da Classe III.(AU)

Orthodontic treatment, in adult patients with a skeletal pattern presenting a small discrepancy, can be performed with orthodontic camouflage by dental compensations. These compensations are many times considered as risk factors for periodontal health, especially when associated with incisor inclination, both lingual and buccal. The aim of this paper was to present, through two clinical cases, two different options for compensatory Class III treatment. The first one with the use of self-ligating brackets (Damon System), with individualized prescriptions for upper and lower dental arches, in addition to Class III intermaxillary elastics. This modality has its indication in the correction of dental problems with mild skeletal discrepancy between bone bases, correcting the occlusal problems without major sequelae for teeth and supporting tissues, due to brackets different torque. The second option is retracting the whole lower dentition through skeletal anchorage with titanium miniplates. These temporary anchoring devices (TADs) provide a stable and effective anchorage for orthodontic movement in Class III treatment.(AU)

Management of post-orthodontic white-spot-lesions: clinical handling of the resin infiltration technique (Icon®, DMG) / Manejo de lesiones de manchas blancas post-ortodoncia: manejo clínico de la técnica de infiltración de resina (Icon, DMG)

To treat initial caries lesions using the technique of resin infiltration for a restoration of natural enamel appearance. Case report of a 19 year old female who presented with moderate post-orthodontic white-spot lesions (WSLs) at the upper central and lateral incisors following two years of active treatment with a fixed orthodontic appliance, and requested an aesthetic improvement of decalcified enamel surfaces. The technique of resin infiltration (Icon®, DMG, Hamburg, Germany) is presented as a means for not only inhibiting lesion progression, but also for an adequate rehabilitation of dentofacial esthetics. Practical tips and cues for clinical handling of the infiltration technique are provided. Resin infiltration augments the therapeutic spectrum for orthodontist as well as pediatric or general dentists in that enamel areas affected by post-orthodontic WSLs can be restored to their original appearance.

El objetivo fue mostrar el tratamiento de lesiones de caries iniciales usando la técnica de infiltración de resina para una restauración de la apariencia natural del esmalte. Reporte de caso de una joven de 19 años de edad, de sexo femenino que presentó lesiones moderadas de manchas blancas (WSLs) en los incisivos centrales y laterales superiores, luego del tratamiento de ortodoncia con aparatos fijos por dos años, y solicitó una mejoría estética de las superficies descalcificadas del esmalte. La técnica de infiltración de resina (Icon®, DMG, Hamburgo, Alemania) se presenta como un medio efectivo, no sólo para inhibir la progresión de la lesión, sino también para una rehabilitación adecuada de la estética dentofacial. Se proporcionan además consejos prácticos y claves para el manejo clínico de la técnica de infiltración. La infiltración de resina aumenta el espectro terapéutico del ortodoncista, así como de odontopediatras y odontólogos generales en las áreas del esmalte afectadas con WSLs post-ortodoncia y que pueden ser restauradas a su apariencia original.

Differential neural activation for camouflage detection task in Field-Independent and Field-Dependent individuals: Evidence from fMRI.

It is not clearly known as to why some people identify camouflaged objects with ease compared with others. The literature suggests that Field-Independent individuals detect camouflaged object better than their Field-Dependent counterparts, without having evidence at the neural activation level. A paradigm was designed to obtain neural correlates of camouflage detection, with real-life photographs, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty-three healthy human subjects were stratified as Field-Independent (FI) and Field-Dependent (FD), with Witkin’s Embedded Figure Test. FIs performed better than FDs (marginal significance; p=0.054) during camouflage detection task. fMRI revealed differential activation pattern between FI and FD subjects for this task. One sample T-test showed greater activation in terms of cluster size in FDs, whereas FIs showed additional areas for the same task. On direct comparison of the two groups, FI subjects showed additional activation in parts of primary visual cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, inferior and middle frontal gyrus. Conversely, FDs showed greater activation in inferior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, putamen, caudate nucleus and superior parietal lobule as compared to FIs. The results give preliminary evidence to the differential neural activation underlying the variances in cognitive styles of the two groups.

Compensatory orthodontic treatment of Angle Class II malocclusion with posterior open bite

The present case report addresses the treatment of an Angle Class II malocclusion in an adult female patient, long face pattern, with posterior open bite and dental arches extremely expanded, due to previous treatment. The patient and parents rejection to a treatment with orthognathic surgery led to orthodontic camouflage of the skeletal discrepancies. This clinical case was presented to the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics (BBO) as one of the requirements to become a BBO Diplomate.

O presente relato de caso aborda o tratamento de uma má oclusão de Classe II de Angle em paciente do sexo feminino, adulta, face longa, com mordida aberta posterior, e arcadas dentárias extremamente expandidas, decorrente de tratamento prévio. A não aceitação, por parte da paciente e de seus pais, de um tratamento envolvendo cirurgia ortognática levou à realização de camuflagem ortodôntica das discrepâncias esqueléticas. Esse caso clínico foi apresentado à Diretoria do Board Brasileiro de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial (BBO) como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Diplomado pelo BBO.